They are covered with many layers of fabric, including animal furs and felt. Summer gers are much lighter than winter gers since it gets very hot in Mongolia in the summer.
Moreover, people here eat lots of meat and produce lots of dairy. Since temperatures are so cold, agriculture is not very common in Mongolia. Instead, people keep large herds of animals that usually survive through the winter. Sometimes, during very harsh winters, herders lose a large percentage of their livestock. Luckily that used to happen only every decade or so, but now it is happening much more often. Due to climate change, some summers are very dry and there is not enough rain. As a result, not enough animal feed is being produced for cold winters and people may lose much more of their herds.
People mainly face the challenges of extreme winters, drought and pollution. Extreme winters are less of a problem in the city than in the countryside. In the city, most buildings are heated very well, and if a family lives in a ger, the coal it takes to heat it is largely subsidized, thus quite cheap. The biggest challenge for city people in the winter is pollution. Ulaanbaatar becomes the most polluted city in the world in the winter. It is so polluted because families that live in gers in the city are forced to burn coal to keep warm. All of the smoke from the coal fills the air of the city and it becomes very difficult to find fresh air.
Drought is another problem, especially for the city. Ulaanbaatar has such a huge population, yet the rivers that feed into the city do not provide enough water for everyone.
